Preoperative preparation of patient with DVT {Phase A Written}
Preoperative preparation of patient
with DVT
Definition:
Blood coagulation and its deposition due
to venous stasis is called DVT.
Pathogenesis/factors responsible
Virchow’s triad:
1. Stasis
2. Vascular
injury
3. Hypercoagulability
Risk factors:
- Age more than 60 years
- Race- white
- Obesity
- Trauma or surgery
- Reduced mobility for more than 3 days
- Pregnancy/puerperium
- Varicose vein with phelebitis
- Drugs estrogen contraceptive, HRT
- Smoking
- Known active cancer or on treatment significant medical co morbidities e.g heart failure, critical care admission
- Family/personal history of thrombosis e.g deficiency in antithrombin Ⅲ, protein C, protein S
- Polycythemia
- Pulmonary embolism
- Uncontrolled DM
- Arteriopathy
Presentation:
Asymptomatic upto half of the patient
Symptomatic:
Dull ache in the calf
Swelling
Pyrexia
Sign:
Color changes- phlegmasia
Tenderness in the calf muscle
Pedal oedema
Tachycardia
Homann’s sign
Investigation of symptomatic patient
Duplex ultrasound
Treatment:
A. General
measure
a. Bed
rest
b. Elevation
of the affected limb
c. Analgesics
d. Graduated
compression stocking
e. Systemic
broad spectrum antibiotics
B.Specific
measures
a. Medical
treatment
i.
Systemic anticoagulant
1. Unfractionated
heparin
2. Low
molecular weight heparin
3. Warfarin
ii.
Thrombolytic therapy
catheter directed thrombolytic therapy using streptokinase or urokinase for the lysis of the thrombus. Activity depends on the age and size of the thrombus. More than 72 hours, no action, so treatment should be within 72 hours. Cannot lyse big thrombus. Dose- 5 lac unit bolus then 6 lac unit 6 hourly.
catheter directed thrombolytic therapy using streptokinase or urokinase for the lysis of the thrombus. Activity depends on the age and size of the thrombus. More than 72 hours, no action, so treatment should be within 72 hours. Cannot lyse big thrombus. Dose- 5 lac unit bolus then 6 lac unit 6 hourly.
Disadvantage- chance of PE and MI
b. Surgical
treatment:
i.
Open thrombectomy
ii.
Fogarty embolectomy
iii.
IVC filter
Prophylaxis
against DVT
A. Physical
method:
i.
Early ambulation
ii.
Graduated compression
stocking
iii.
Intraoperative
intermittent pneumatic cuff compression
B. Pharmacological
method:
i.
Subcutaneous heparin
ii.
Unfractionated heparin
iii.
LMWH
Choices of prophylactic agent:
A. Low
risk group – minor surgery/age<40 min="" nbsp="" o:p="" operation="" time="" years="">40>
i.
Early ambulation
ii.
Graduated compression stocking
B. Moderate
risk group- abdominal or thoracic surgery/age >40 y/ operation time >30min
i.
LMWH
ii.
Intraoperative
intermittent pneumatic cuff compression
iii.
Post op- graduated
compression stocking
C. High
risk group- extensive pelvic or hip surgery/recent H/O thromboembolism or MI
i.
Low dose unfractionated
heparin
ii.
LMWH
iii.
Intraoperative
intermittent pneumatic compression cuff
iv.
Early ambulation.
Complications of DVT:
a) Short
term
i.
Pulmonary embolism, HTN
ii.
Recurrent DVT
iii.
Sudden death (MI,stroke)
b) Long
term
i.
Chronic venous insufficiency
ii.
Varicose vein
iii.
Venous ulcer
Conclusion
All patients receiving prophylactic or
therapeutic heparin using unfractionated or LMWH should have a platelet count
performed prior to commencement of heparin on the day following and every 2
days.
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