Surgery in a patient with IHD (RCS 65,66,374BL258) {Phase A Written}
Introduction
Coronary artery disease /IHD is the
commonest cardiac disease and associated with the majotity of perioperative
mortality and morbidity.
High risk procedures:
1.
Major emergency
operation: especially in the elderly
2.
Major vascular surgery
including peripheral vascular
3.
Prolonged surgery
(>3hours) with major fluid shifts
Risk of MI with time:
Time since infarct incidence of further infarct after surgery (%)
0-6 month 55
1-2 years 22
2-3 years 6
>3 years 1
No nfarct 0.66
Preoperative evaluation:
a) History-
breathlessness, palpitation, exercise intolerance, chest discomfort, chest
pain, radiation, syncopal attack, history of DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
b) Physical
examination: pulse, BP, heart sound, added sound, murmurs
c) Investigation:
ECG, ECHO (EF <30 angiography.="" associated="" br="" chest="" coronary="" is="" outcome="" patient="" poor="" radiograph="" scintigraphy="" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" test="" thallium="" treadmill="" with="">
30>
Aim of management:
Optimizing myocardial O2 supply
and demand ratio to minimize the risk of myocardial ischemia developing
Preoperative preparation:
1. Cessation
of smoking at least 12 hours before operation
2. Stop
aspirin / clopidogrel 7/14 days preoperatively
3. Postponed
surgery if recent MI within 6 months
4. Continue
Beta blocker and antianginal drugs up to the time of surgery
5. In
patient with coronary stents, delay elective surgery after stoppage of dual
antiplatelet- 6 weeks for bare metal stent insertion, 12 months for drug
eluting stent insertion
6. In
patient underwent PTCA, elective surgery after 4-6 weeks
7. Blood
pressure should be controlled to near 160/90 mm of Hg
Per-operative care:
1.
Anesthetist should avoid
any condition that increase myocardial O2 demand or reduce O2
supply- tachycardia, systolic HTN, Diastolic hypotension
2.
Blood loss must be
accurately maintained and Hb maintained at a level suitable for the patient’s
cardiac risk patient
3.
Avoid atropine as
anesthetic premedication
4.
Use halothane during anesthesia
Post-operative care:
1. Admission
to a HDU
2. Supplemental
O2 therapy continue for 3-4 days (for 24 hours and overnight for
first 4 post-operative days) [RCS 26]
3. Ensure
effective postoperative analgesia
4. Institute
invasive monitoring for the first 24-36 hours as the risk of MI is high.
5. Regular
serial ECG and cardiac monitoring
6. Post-operative
beta blocker may reduce cardiac complication
Conclusion
Patients with IHD should be managed
jointly along with cardiologist, anesthetist and intensivist.
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